The words nationalist or white nationalist may seem harmless to some whites, said Miller of the Atlantic Council`s Scowcroft Center, but they don`t realize how racially insensitive the terms can be toward non-white Americans because they have a misunderstanding of American history and culture. South Africa, a British colony, was exceptional in that it became virtually independent in 1931. From 1948, it was controlled by white African nationalists who focused on racial segregation and domination of the white minority, known as apartheid. It was not until 1994 that multiracial elections were held. The international anti-apartheid movement supported black nationalists until success was achieved and Nelson Mandela was elected president. [102] Italy joined the Allies in World War I after receiving territorial commitments, but its war effort was not rewarded after the war, and this fact discredited liberalism and paved the way for Benito Mussolini and a political doctrine of his own creation, fascism. Mussolini`s 20-year dictatorship included a very aggressive nationalism that led to a series of wars with the creation of the Italian Empire, an alliance with Hitler`s Germany and humiliation and hardship during World War II. After 1945, the Catholics returned to government and tensions eased somewhat, but the two former Sicilies remained poor and partially underdeveloped (by industrialized land standards). However, in the fifties and early sixties, Italy experienced an economic boom that pushed its economy to fifth place among the nations of the world.
This nationalism gained momentum after the end of the French Revolution. Defeat in the war, with a loss of territory, was a powerful force in nationalism. In France, the revenge and return of Alsace-Lorraine a quarter of a century after the defeat against Germany in 1871 was a powerful motivating force. After 1895, French nationalists concentrated on Dreyfus and internal subversion, and the Alsatian question ran out of steam. [57] Bourgeois nationalism is generally associated with liberal nationalism, although the two are different and do not always coincide. On the one hand, until the late 19th and early 20th centuries, adherents of anti-Enlightenment movements such as French legitimism or Spanish Carlism often rejected the liberal national unitary state, but identified not with an ethnic nation, but with a non-national dynasty and regional feudal privileges. Indeed, xenophobic movements in long-established Western European states have often taken a “civic” form, rejecting the ability of a particular group to assimilate into the nation because of its membership in a cross-border community (Irish Catholics in Britain, Ashkenazi Jews in France). On the other hand, while sub-national separatist movements were generally associated with ethnic nationalism, this was not always the case, and nationalists such as the Corsican Republic, the United Irish, the Breton Federalist League or the Catalan Republican Party could combine a rejection of the unitary bourgeois-national state with a belief in liberal universalism.
It dates back to the 17th century and became famous during the 18th century uprisings that spawned the American and French revolutions. But the word was given in the 20th century. He was associated with the nationalist movements in Europe that led to World War I and World War II. Today, the word is often associated with the far-right racist ideologies of white nationalists. Throughout Africa, nationalism relied on the organizational skills acquired by natives in the British, French, and other armies during the World Wars. It led to organizations that were neither controlled nor supported by colonial powers nor by traditional local power structures that had collaborated with colonial powers. Nationalist organizations began to challenge and eventually replace traditional and new colonial structures. The leaders of the nationalist movements took control when the European authorities left; Many ruled for decades or until they became extinct. These structures included political, educational, religious and other social organizations. In recent decades, many African countries have experienced the triumph and defeat of nationalist fervor, changing the places of centralizing power of the state and the patrimonial state.
[99] [100] [101] In the 1980s, Yugoslavia began to split into fragments. [104] Economic conditions in Yugoslavia deteriorated. The conflict in the disputed territories has been fuelled by the rise of mass nationalism and ethnic hostilities. [106] The per capita income of the inhabitants of the northwest, which includes Croatia and Slovenia, was several times higher than that of the southern territory. This, combined with the escalation of violence by ethnic Albanians and Serbs in Kosovo, has worsened economic conditions. [106] The violence contributed significantly to the rise of extreme Serbian nationalism in Serbia and the rest of Yugoslavia. The ongoing conflict in Kosovo was propagated by a Serbian communist, Slobodan Milošević, to further strengthen Serbian nationalism. As already mentioned, this nationalism aroused strong emotions that strengthened the power of Serbian nationalism through highly nationalist demonstrations in Vojvodina, Serbia, Montenegro and Kosovo. Serbian nationalism was so high that Slobodan Milošević ousted the rulers of Vojvodina and Montenegro, oppressed Albanians in Kosovo, and eventually controlled four of the eight regions/territories. [106] Slovenia, one of the four regions not under communist control, advocated a democratic state. Sports spectacles such as the World Cup inspire a global audience, while nations fight for supremacy and fans invest intense support for their national team.
The imaginary feminine or “other” East exists in contrast to the masculine West. These sample phrases are automatically selected from various online news sources to reflect the current use of the word “nationalist.” The views expressed in the examples do not represent the views of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us your feedback. However, German nationalism, expressed by the ideology of National Socialism, can also be understood as transnational. This aspect was mainly represented by Adolf Hitler, who later became the head of the NSDAP. This party devoted itself to what they identified as an Aryan race living in different European countries but sometimes mixed with foreign elements such as the Jews. [74] By the 1860s, as a result of educational indoctrination and conservative resistance to ideas and ideologies handed down from Western Europe, a Pan-Slavic movement had emerged, generating both a sense of Russian nationalism and a nationalist mission to support and protect Pan-Slavism. This Slavophile movement became popular in 19th century Russia. Pan-Slavism was fueled and was also the fuel for Russia`s many wars against the Ottoman Empire, which were fought to achieve the purported goal of liberating Orthodox nationalities such as Bulgarians, Romanians, Serbs and Greeks from Ottoman rule. The Slavophiles resisted Western European influences that had been transferred to Russia, and they were also determined to protect Russian culture and traditions.
