Lebanon`s history since independence has been marked by alternating periods of political stability and turbulence, interspersed with prosperity built on Beirut`s position as a free regional center for finance and trade. Beirut became a prime location for international trade and financial institutions, as well as wealthy tourists, and enjoyed a reputation as the “Paris of the Middle East” until the outbreak of the Lebanese civil war. The Ottoman Empire, which occupied the Middle East and Eastern Europe in the sixteenth century, ruled Lebanon through local rulers. Lebanon managed to become conditioned or completely independent several times under Ottoman rule. European troops land in Lebanon to calm the fighting. To solve the problem, the six powerful countries forced the Ottomans to grant Lebanon regional independence with the Lebanese administration and armed forces. The narrow and discontinuous coastal plain stretches from the Syrian border in the north, where it extends to the Akkar plain, to Ras al-Naqoura on the border with Israel in the south. The fertile coastal plain consists of marine sediments and alluvial fluvial deposits alternating with sandy coves and rocky beaches. Lebanon`s mountains rise parallel to the Mediterranean coast, forming a ridge of limestone and sandstone that stretches for most of the country`s length. The width of the mountain range varies between 10 km (6 miles) and 56 km (35 miles); It is carved by narrow and deep gorges.
The Lebanese mountains rise to 3,088 meters (10,131 feet) above sea level at Qurnat like Sawda` in northern Lebanon and gradually descend south before rising to 2,695 meters (8,842 feet) at Mount Sannine. The Bekaa Valley lies between the Lebanese Mountains to the west and the Anti-Lebanon Mountains to the east; It is part of the Great Rift Valley system. The valley is 180 km (112 mi) long and 10 to 26 km (6 to 16 mi) wide, its fertile soil is formed by alluvial deposits. The anti-Lebanese mountains run parallel to the Lebanese mountains, its highest peak being Mount Hermon at 2,814 meters (9,232 ft). [132] In the 11th century, the Druze religion emerged from a branch of Shia Islam. The new religion gained adherents in the southern part of Mount Lebanon. The northern part of Mount Lebanon was ruled by Druze feudal families until the early 14th century, when they ended with the invasion of the Mamluks. The Maronite population gradually increased in northern Mount Lebanon and the Druze remained in southern Mount Lebanon until modern times. In southern Lebanon, Jabal Amel, Baalbek and the Bekaa Valley were ruled by Shia feudal families under the Mamluks and the Ottoman Empire. The major coastal cities, Acre, Beirut and others, were administered directly by Muslim caliphs and people became more absorbed in Arab culture. This time, the prince had decided to stay in Lebanon and resist the offensive, but the death of his son Emir Ali Beik at Wadi el-Taym was the beginning of his defeat. He later took refuge in the cave of Jezzine, followed closely by Kuchuk Ahmed Pasha.
He surrendered to the Ottoman general Jaafar Pasha, whom he knew well, under circumstances that are unclear. Fakhr-al-Din was taken to Constantinople and held in Yedikule (Seven Towers) prison for two years. He was then summoned before the sultan. Fakhr-al-Din and one or two of his sons were accused of treason and executed on April 13, 1635. There are unfounded rumors that the younger of the two boys was spared and raised in the harem and later became Ottoman ambassador to India. Although Fakhr ad-Din II`s aspirations for full independence from Lebanon ended tragically, he greatly promoted Lebanon`s military and economic development. [21] The Druze prince, known for his religious tolerance, attempted to merge the country`s various religious groups into a Lebanese community. In an effort to achieve complete independence for Lebanon, he made a secret agreement with Ferdinand I, Grand Duke of Tuscany.[21] [21] After the end of World War II in Europe, the French mandate ended without formal action by the League of Nations or its successor, the United Nations. The mandate ended with the declaration of independence of the mandatory Power and the new States themselves, followed by a process of piecemeal unconditional recognition by other Powers, culminating in formal admission to the United Nations. Article 78 of the Charter of the United Nations has put an end to the paternalistic status of a Member State: “The system of confidence does not apply to Territories that have become Members of the United Nations whose relations are based on respect for the principle of sovereign equality. [49] When the UN was officially created on October 24, 1945, following the ratification of the UN Charter by the five permanent members, since Syria and Lebanon were both founding members, the French mandate for both was legally terminated that day and full independence was achieved. [50] The last French troops withdrew in December 1946.
The Canaanites were the original inhabitants of the region, which today approached Israel, the West Bank and Gaza, as well as adjacent coastal areas and parts of Lebanon, Syria and Jordan. Semitic peoples are believed to have appeared in Canaan in the early Bronze Age, before 2000 BC. Semitic peoples, known as the Amorites, became the dominant population during this period, immigrating from the northeast. According to the Book of Judges, the Israelites gradually subjugated the Canaanite cities during the second millennium BCE, so that by the end of the reign of Solomon, king of Israel, the Canaanites had been assimilated. The Canaanite religion itself was based on the worship of Baal and Ashtoreth. Before the Hebrew conquest, the Canaanites and Phoenicians probably formed a single nation, and the people now known as the Phoenicians developed separately. Lebanon as the name of an administrative unit (as opposed to the mountains) introduced with the Ottoman reforms of 1861, such as Mount Mutasarrifate (Arabic: متصرفية جبل لبنان; Turkish: Cebel-i Lübnan Mutasarrıflığı), continued on behalf of the State of Greater Lebanon (Arabic: دولة لبنان الكبير Dawlat Lubnān al-Kabīr; French: State of Greater Lebanon) in 1920 and finally on behalf of the sovereign Lebanese Republic (Arabic: الجمهورية اللبنانية al-Jumhūrīyah al-Lubnānīyah) after its independence in 1943. On March 14, 2005, a month after Hariri`s assassination, one million people gathered in Martyrs` Square in Lebanon to demand the truth about Hariri`s assassination and his independence from the Syrian presence in Lebanon. Bombs exploded in Christian areas near Beirut. The El-Assaad dynasty, which ruled most of southern Lebanon for three centuries and whose lineage coexists with the historical principality of Jabal Amel (Mount Amel) – today southern Lebanon – defended for 36 generations through the Arab Caliphate by Sheikh al Mashayekh (leader) Nasif Al-Nassar ibn Al-Waeli,[33] the Ottoman conquest under Shbib Pasha El Assaad, [34] Ali Bek El Assaad ruler of Belad Bechara (part of Jabal Amel), Ali Nassrat Bek.
Advisor to the Court and superior at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Ottoman Empire, Mustafa Nassar Bek El Assaad President of the Supreme Court of Lebanon and the French colonial administration of Hassib Bek – also judge of the Supreme Court and great orator in the halls of the Levant. The El-Assaads are now considered “Bakaweit” (noble plural title of “Bek” given to some wealthy families in Lebanon in the early eighteenth century) and once considered princes, however, the titles have changed over time. [35] [36] Jamil Al Sayyed, a Syrian ally of the Lebanese security forces, resigned on April 25, just one day before the withdrawal of the last Syrian troops from Lebanon. Although Bashir Gemayel has not publicly cooperated with the Israelis, his long history of tactical cooperation with Israel has worked against him in the eyes of many Lebanese, especially Muslims. Although he was the only announced candidate for the presidency of the Republic, the National Assembly elected him on 23 August 1982 by the second smallest margin in Lebanese history (57 votes out of 92); Most Muslim members of the assembly boycotted the vote. Nine days before taking office, Gemayel, along with twenty-five others, was assassinated in an explosion at the Kataeb party headquarters in Beirut`s Christian neighborhood of Ashrafieh on September 14, 1982. In recent years, Lebanon has hosted the AFC Asian Championship[317] and the Pan Arab Games. [318] [319] Lebanon hosted the 2009 Games of La Francophonie[320] from September 27 to October 6 and has participated in every Olympic Games since independence, winning a total of four medals. [321] Elections were held in 1943, and on November 8, 1943, the new Lebanese government unilaterally abolished the mandate. The Frenchman responded by throwing the new government in jail. Faced with international pressure, the Frenchman released government officials on November 22, 1943 and accepted Lebanon`s independence. To stop Lebanon`s progress towards full independence, the Ottomans ordered the governor of Damascus to attack the Lebanese leader.
Fakhr EdDine was defeated and executed in Constantinople in 1635.
